Four ways of ensuring proper selectivity in MV HV electrical network protection (photo credit NSS Ltd)
With Kind Permission of: Edvard Csanyi (Editor-In-Chief & Electrical Engineer at EEP)
Selectivity study of a power system is usually considered as an advanced job for advanced engineers, mostly relay protection engineers.
This article will try to get close to a few important selectivity principles in a simple manner. It’s important to fully understand that protective devices form a logical system in relation to the power system structure and its earthing system.
Protective devices are the brain of a power system based on the principle of selectivity that consists of isolating the part of the network affected by the fault, and only that part, as quickly as possible, while all the other unaffected parts of the network remain energized.
There are various ways of ensuring proper selectivity in electrical network protection..
Time-graded selectivity consists of setting different time delays for the overcurrent protection devices distributed throughout the network. The closer the protection is to the source, the longer the time delay. See Figure 1.
Thus, in Figure 1, the fault shown is detected by all the protection devices (at A, B, C and D). The time-delayed protection at D closes its contacts more quickly than the one installed at C, which in turn reacts more quickly than the one located at B.
Figure 1 – Time-graded selectivity
Once circuit-breaker D has been tripped and the fault current has been cleared, protection devices A, B and C, through which the current no longer passes, return to standby position.
It takes into account:
∆t must therefore satisfy the relation: ∆t ≥ tc + tm + 2δt + margin (see Figure 2)
For example, for the independent time-phase overcurrent protection devices of the protection relay associated with medium voltage circuit-breakers (see Figure 2):
Figure 2 – Time-delay selectivity interval of protection devices A and B
This selectivity system has two advantages:
However, when there are a large number of cascading relays, the fault clearing time is prohibitive and incompatible with the short-circuit current withstand of equipment, or with outside operating requirements, owing to the fact that the protection furthest upstream has the longest time delay. Thus, the highest fault current is cleared after the longest time delay.
Both types of overcurrent protection (independent and inverse time) can be used.
The protection time delay is constant and independent of the current. The protection tripping curves are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 – Time-graded selectivity with independent time overcurrent protection
The current threshold settings must be such that:
It is estimated that the accuracy of the measuring unit is 10%. Two successive protection devices must therefore comply with the following relation:
In practice, the following values are taken:
The greater the current, the shorter the time delay. The protection tripping curves are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 – Time-graded selectivity with inverse time overcurrent protection
If the current thresholds are set at a value close to In , both protection against overloads and protection against short circuits are ensured. The following values are, for example, taken:
To ensure selectivity, the protection devices must satisfy the following two conditions:
Condition #1 – The current threshold must be set to at least 25% above the downstream protection threshold:
Condition #2 – The time delay settings are determined in order to obtain the selectivity intervals ∆t = 0.3 s for the maximum current detected by the downstream protection. For example, for the maximum short circuit at D, the time delay at C must be longer than the time delay at D by a value ∆t .
As we have just seen, time-graded selectivity has some weaknesses. The logic selectivity system has been designed to eliminate these drawbacks. With this system, perfect selectivity can be obtained when tripping occurs, and, furthermore, the tripping time delay of the circuit-breakers located closest to the source is reduced considerably.
When a fault occurs in a radial network, the fault current flows through the circuit located between the source and the fault point:
A protective device able to send and receive a logic standby order is associated with each circuit-breaker. When a fault current flows through the protection, the latter:
Figure 5 gives a simplified description of a radial distribution system.
Figure 5 – Logic selectivity
A fault current flows through protection devices no. 1, no. 2, no. 3 and no. 4.
Protection no. 1 sends a logic standby order to upstream protection no. 2 and a tripping order to circuit-breaker CB1. Protection no. 2 sends a logic standby order to upstream protection no. 3 and receives the logic standby order from protection no. 1, which locks the tripping order of circuit-breaker CB2.
Protection no. 3 sends a logic standby order to upstream protection no. 4 and receives the logic standby order from protection no. 2, which locks the tripping order of circuit-breaker CB3. Protection no. 4 receives the logic standby order from protection no. 3, which locks the tripping order of circuit-breaker CB4.
Circuit-breaker CB1 clears the fault at A at the end of a time interval: tCB1 = t1 + tc, CB1
Circuit-breaker CB2 clears the fault at B at the end of a time interval: tCB2 = t2 + tc, CB2
With the logic selectivity system, the fault clearance time can be reduced and is independent of the number of stages. It is possible to obtain selectivity between an upstream protection with a short time delay and a downstream protection with a long time delay, e.g. by setting a shorter time delay at the source than near the loads.
Note! To ensure safety, the logic standby time is limited, thus allowing an upstream protection to operate as back-up of a faulty downstream protection.
Figure 6 – Example of mixed selectivity (logic + time-graded)
Logic selectivity is set up between the incoming feeder and the outgoing feeders of each switchboard. The logic link wire costs little since it connects the circuit-breakers or relays to the same switchboard. Between the switchboards, time-graded selectivity is set up, thus avoiding the necessity of installing long logic link wires.
The logic standby time is limited to 200 ms after the time delay of the protection giving the standby order. This allows the protection upstream to operate as back-up for a faulty downstream protection.
The protection devices at F, D and B send a logic standby order to protection devices E, C and A, which may be time delayed to 0.1 second, respectively. The circuit-breaker F is tripped after its time delay of 0.1 second. The non-tripping of circuit-breakers D and B is ensured by time-graded selectivity: tD = tF + 0.3 s and tB = tD + 0.3 s.
In the event of failure of the protection at F or the associated circuit-breaker, the protection at E is activated after the logic standby time, i.e. 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.3 seconds. The 0.4 second time-delayed protection at D is also activated (there is no selectivity between E and D in the event of F failing, unless D’s time delay is increased).
The protection devices at D and B send a logic standby order to the protection devices at C and A respectively. The circuit-breaker E is tripped after its time delay of 0.1 second.
The protection devices at D and B send a logic standby order to the protection devices at C and A respectively. The circuit-breaker at D is tripped after its time delay of 0.4 seconds.
In the event of failure of the protection at D or the associated circuit-breaker, the protection at C is activated after the logic standby time, i.e. 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6 seconds. Therefore, using mixed selectivity the time delays can be reduced (roughly by a ratio of 2) without going to great expense, since logic link wires need only be installed between circuit-breakers or relays in the same switchboard.
In a meshed network, in which a fault is fed by both ends, protection that is sensitive to the direction of the fault current flow must be used in order to be able to locate and clear the fault. To do this, directional overcurrent protection devices are used.
We will give an example of directional selectivity for the phase-to-phase faults in a network with two incoming feeders. See Figure 7.
Figure 7 – Directional selectivity for the phase-to-phase faults in a network with two parallel incoming feeders
Circuit-breakers CB1 and CB2 are fitted with directional overcurrent protection devices, whereas CB3 and CB4 are fitted with phase overcurrent protection devices.
For a fault at A:
This type of protection compares the currents at the ends of the monitored network section (see Figure 8). Any difference between these currents indicates the presence of a fault. The protection reacts only to faults inside the monitored zone and is insensitive to any external fault. It is thus self-selective.
Figure 8 – Selectivity by differential protection
The equipment protected may be:
This type of protection has the following characteristics:
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Edvard Csanyi
Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP. Highly specialized for design of LV/MV switchgears and LV high power busbar trunking (<6300A) in power substations, commercial buildings and industry facilities. Professional in AutoCAD programming.
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Thorne & Derrick are national distributors of LV, MV & HV Cable Installation, Jointing, Substation & Electrical Equipment – servicing businesses involved in cabling, jointing, substation, earthing, overhead line and electrical construction at LV, 11kV, 33kV, 66kV and EHV. Supplying a complete range of power cable accessories to support the installation and maintenance of low/medium and high voltage power systems:
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Prevent your LV Switchboard from Overheating
Special thanks to Mélanie Oliver at Comeca Group for the kind permission to republish this article
The monitoring of the heat build-up, often carried out by thermography, allows early detection of anomalies that will lead to spurious tripping or even fire and the immobilisation of the installation for a long period. It is therefore a subject that deserves our full attention because it deals with the safety and availability of the installations and therefore the continuity of production.
Thermography is a solution that ensures that there is no abnormal heating of the switchboard during operation.
However, well before its operation, at the time of specification, purchase and installation of the switchboard, there are a few keys factors not to be overlooked.
In the field of high-power, withdrawable, low-voltage switchboards, it is possible to have a positive influence on the future of the installation from the moment of purchase. Similarly, the choice of equipping the switchboard with certain devices allowing easy and safe access to the components to be controlled will make its’ operation simpler and safer.
A good, original design, continuous monitoring and appropriate maintenance are key to the durability and reliability of the electrical panel over the years.
A well-designed electrical panel should be chosen, it should be validated in all respects according to IEC 61439-2. Indeed, this standard requires tests and checks to ensure that each component is implemented in accordance with the rules of the standard and that the temperature rise is perfectly controlled, within acceptable limits.
By carrying out these tests, the original manufacturer has the data at its disposal that enables it to produce suitable, reliable and long-lasting low-voltage assemblies, in line with their operating conditions.
Temperature rise tests on an LV switchboard
During installation, care should be taken to ensure that the air vents are not obstructed or limited in their effect to ensure natural ventilation of the switchboard.
The cleanliness of the air vents but more generally of the electrical panel should be periodically checked to avoid any degradation of the intrinsic qualities of the assembly. In addition, the forms of internal separation will not be removed, they are the ones which ensure the protection of the personnel during the thermography and maintenance campaigns.
Thermography campaigns require going as close as possible to, and aiming at, live components. In doing so, the operator will take more risks than during the operation of his switchboard.
In addition to periodic inspections, certain safety features can facilitate or supplement the monitoring of overheating. Discover the safety elements that can be implemented at the time of the initial investment or modernisation of your existing installation.
Easy & Secure Access
Inspection of the cable terminations is a must. Easy access and the width of the cable sheath are criteria to be considered. The position and shape of the downstream power connections are elements that can bring a increased ease of this operation.
For feeders, the possibility of opening the front opening drawer allows all components and all clamping points of the drawer to be seen.
If this option was not chosen at the time of purchase, the starter may have been fitted with a sighting window, which will nevertheless allow some thermal readings to be taken, but in a much smaller sighting area.
Thermographic sighting
The main busbar, which is often placed in the upper position of the switchboard, can also be examined. The main purpose is to check the temperature at the busbar joints and connections. The fewer they are, the fewer points to be monitored.
The roof of the electrical panel must meet certain safety requirements:
By its’ design, the assembly must facilitate this operation, which is often uncomfortable to carry out because it is high up and close to live elements.
When choosing the LV switchboard, it is therefore important to ensure that it offers a safe and easy access solution for this type of operation.
The power connections on the incoming circuit breaker(s) are also often difficult to access. This is particularly true for switchboards with cable connections from the front. In this case, permanently readable infrared sensors can be offered.
Points of Vigilance for Sighting Devices without Dismantling
For sighting devices without dismantling (arc-proof windows, large arc-proof windows, grids), the solution must allow measurements to be taken without opening the LV switchboard casing and guarantee the protection of the operator during the inspection, thus avoiding the need for reinforced individual protection to protect against the effects of a possible internal arc flash.
The electrical panel can be fitted with these devices on the incoming columns, to monitor the temperature at the main busbar sides or even on the fronts of some withdrawable drawers.
Focus On Viewing Solutions
Polycrystalline sightglasses are the best known solution; they are relatively expensive and offer a fairly narrow viewing surface but promise good internal arc resistance.
Larger sighting solutions of various shapes and sizes are also available. They consist of a honeycomb structure firmly attached to a plastic film. They allow a much better viewing angle and an increased inspection area. Their internal arc resistance is sufficient in many cases and their plastic film does not degrade over time, unlike polycrystals which lose their transparency over part of the spectrum as they age.
In the case of withdrawable drawers, cheaper solutions can be considered, such as the use of Plexiglas or removable metal sheets that allow partial inspection of the interior but with the appropriate individual protection. The use of front opening drawer is the solution allowing a complete inspection of the inside of the drawer but it leads to an increased risk for the operator during the measurement campaign.
In short, a well-designed, well maintained low-voltage switchboard and regular monitoring of its components enable you to prevent the risk of fire resulting from abnormal heating of your installation.
It should be remembered that each intervention requiring the opening of a door or front plate exposes the operator to a greater risk of internal arcing and contact with live parts.
In fact, tests on the behaviour of the electrical panel during an internal arc are always carried out with the enclosure closed and the effects of the arc on the operator are only evaluated outside the LV switchboard during internal arc conditions.
For thermography campaigns, it is necessary that the operator wears adequate individual protection and is trained to follow the appropriate methodology.
Original article can be found here
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Electrical Test Equipment LV MV HV
Images Courtesy of: Neil Trotter – HV & LV Cable Jointer at Northern Power Grid
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The third and fourth images show the cable outersheath has been dented by dolomite during the backfilling of the cable trench.
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Handheld TDR For Troubleshooting and Locating Faults On Metallic Cables
Megger TDR1000/3P Single Channel Cable Fault Locator
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Megger TDR1000/3P Handheld TDR
| Description | Time Domain Reflectometer |
| Part Number | 1001-789 |
| Included Accessories | Hard case, user guide CD, retractable sheath fused test lead (1 pair) |
| Optional Accessories | Miniature clip test lead set (1 pair), red and black probes and clips for use with all Megger TDR fused test leads, split conductor fused test lead set (1 pair) |
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| Output Pulse | 5 volts peak to peak into open circuit |
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| Dimensions | 230 x 115 x 48 mm ( 9.0 x 4.5 x 2.0 inches) |
| Weight | 0.6 kg (1.32 lbs) |
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| Connectors | Two 4 mm-safety terminals |
| Test Lead | (19 mm spaced TDR1000/3P): 1 pair 1.5 m retractable sheath, fitted with 500 mA FF HBC 1 kV 50 kA fuse |
| Display | 256 x 128 pixel Graphics LCD |
| Operating Temperature Range & Humidity | -15 °C to +50 °C (5 °F to 122 °F) |
| Storage Temperature Range & Humidity | -20 °C to 70 °C (-4 °F to 158 °F) |
| Safety | When using the supplied fused test lead set this instrument complies withIEC61010-1 for connection to live systems with less than 300 V between the terminals and up to 150 V CAT IV to earth |
| EMC | Complies with Electromagnetic Compatibility Specifications (Light industrial) BS EN 61326-1, with a minimum performance of ‘B’ for all immunity tests |
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Are You Experiencing Rising Fault Current Levels On Your Overhead Network?
This could cause miscoordination and existing assets to exceed recommended symmetrical fault ratings. The Fault Tamer, Fuse Limiter from S&C Electric safely addresses this issue by combining the function of a conventional fuse with the benefits of a current limiting fuse.
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S&C Electric Fault Tamer Fuse Limiter
Fault Tamer provides many features and benefits above those of traditional fuse cutouts and cutouts used in combination with backup current-limiting fuses.
Improved Transformer Protection
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Operational Characteristics
Handling Characteristics
| 50/60-Hz Ratings | |||||||
| Voltage, kV | Amperes, RMS | ||||||
| System Class, ANSI (IEC) | System Maximum | BIL | Cont. | Interr., Sym. | |||
| 60 Hz | 50 Hz | ||||||
| Three- Phase♠ | Phase-to-Neutral | Three- Phase♠ | Phase-to-Neutral | ||||
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| 15 | 8.7 | 15 | 8.7 | 125 | |||
| 25 (24) | 29 | 16.8 | 26 | 15.1 | 125 | ||
| 29 | 16.8 | 26 | 15.1 | 150 | |||
| 29 | 16.8 | 26 | 15.1 | 150 | |||
| 22/38 (20.8/36) | – | 22 | – | 20.8 | 150 | ||
| ♠ Also applies to phase-to-phase applications. Applications involving single-phase transformers connected phase-to-phase, as well as three-phase applications require the use of a Fault Tamer in each lead. | |||||||
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Fault Tamer® Fuse Limiter | Fault Interruption — How It Works
| Curve Type | Ampere Ratings | Fuse Type | TCC Number |
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| Minimum Melting | 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 | Fault Tamer | TCC Number 450-8 |
| Total Clearing | TCC Number 450-8-3 | ||
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| Minimum Melting | 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 | Fault Tamer | TCC Number 123-8 |
| Total Clearing | TCC Number 123-8-3 | ||
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INDUSTRIAL LABEL PRINTING SOLUTIONS When clear, durable and professional identification is required across control panels, cable systems, production facilities and industrial installations, print quality, reliability and ease of use are critical. Cembre industrial label printers are designed to support...
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HIGH VOLTAGE JUNCTION BOXES & ENCLOSURES When high-voltage power distribution and cable termination are required, safety, enclosure integrity and long-term reliability are critical. HV Junction Boxes and Electrical Enclosures manufactured by Abtech are engineered for the safe distribution, cable termination and protection...
